Monday, February 10, 2014
Friday, February 7, 2014
2nd term test contents
CONTENTS:
-All the vocabulary from units 2 & 3.
-Grammar:
-All the vocabulary from units 2 & 3.
-Grammar:
- tenses
- modal verbs
- gerunds and infinitives
- conditionals & wishes
- reported speech & reporting verbs
Tuesday, February 4, 2014
REPORTED SPEECH
There
are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect. In direct
speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words.
He said,” I have missed my bus”
These
thoughts, believes or remarks are written between the inverted commas, and a
comma or colon is placed immediately before the remark.
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark, or a speech,
without necessarily using the speaker’s exact words. We make somebody’s words
or thoughts part of our own sentence.
He said that he had missed his bus.
When we turn direct speech into
indirect, some changes are usually necessary. These are most easily studied by
considering: statements, questions and commands separately.
A. STATEMENTS
When reporting a statement we may
find many different changes:
1. Verb tense changes.
DIRECT SPEECH
|
INDIRECT SPEECH |
Simple Present
I train every day
Present Continuous
I’m having a shower
Simple Past
I met her
at
Present Perfect
We
haven’t seen it yet.
Present Perfect Continuous
I’ve been
waiting for ages.
Imperative
Be quiet
|
Simple Past
He said
(that) he trained every day.
Past Continuous
He said
(that) he was having a shower.
Past Perfect
He said
he had met her at
Past Perfect
They said
(that) they hadn’t seen it yet.
Past Perfect Continuous
He said
(that) he had been waiting for ages.
Infinitive
He told
us to be quiet.
|
DIRECT SPEECH |
INDIRECT SPEECH |
Can
I can’t
swim.
Will
I’ll send
you a postcard.
Must/ have (got)
You must
study more
May
It may be
true.
|
Could
He said
(that) he couldn’t swim
Would
He said
(that) he would send us a postcard.
Had to
He said
(that) we had to study more.
Might
He said
(that) it might be true.
|
The other modal verbs don’t change: would, should, ought to, had better,
might, used to, could …
2. Pronouns and
possessive adjectives normally change from first or second person to third person, except
when the speaker is reporting his own words.
DIRECT SPEECH |
INDIRECT SPEECH |
Personal pronouns subject |
|
I
|
He, she
|
we
|
They
|
Personal pronouns object
|
|
me
|
Him, her
|
us
|
them
|
Possessive adjectives
|
|
my
|
His, her
|
our
|
their
|
Possessive pronouns
|
|
mine
|
His, hers
|
ours
|
theirs
|
3. Demonstratives also change, based on the rule that
words denoting “nearness” become the corresponding words denoting “remoteness”.
DIRECT SPEECH
|
INDIRECT SPEECH
|
this
|
That
|
These
|
those
|
4. Adverbs and
adverbial phrases of time and the adverb here
DIRECT SPEECH
|
INDIRECT SPEECH
|
Now
|
Then
|
Today
|
That day
|
Yesterday
|
The day before
|
Tomorrow
|
The next day, the following day
|
Next week, year …
|
The following week, year …
|
Last week, year…
|
The week / year before or
the previous week, year
|
Adverb of place
|
|
here
|
there
|
The introductory verb is usually
“said” (he said to me…), “tell” ( he told me…).See some examples:
He said, “I saw the boy here in this
room today”
R.S.: He said (that) he had seen the
boy there in that room that day.
He said, “I’ll go to the office
tomorrow”
R.S.: He said (that) he would come
to the office the next day. (in this case the speaker is in the office)
B. QUESTIONS
When we turn direct questions into
indirect speech, the following changes are necessary:
- The changes in tense, pronouns,
possessives and adverbial phrases of time and place, noted in indirect
statements, apply also to indirect questions.
- The interrogative construction of the
direct question is replaced by the statement construction in the indirect
questions. So, the interrogative form of the verb changes to the
affirmative (or negative). The question mark (?) is therefore omitted in
indirect questions.
- The introductory verb in the main clause
is “say”, it must be changed to a verb of inquiry, e.g. “ask, inquire,
wonder, and want to know…”
There are two types of interrogative
sentences:
a) Wh questions: These are questions beginning with an
interrogative word (when, where, why, how, who….). These interrogative words
are the connective in the indirect questions:
e.g. He said,
“how will you do it?”
He asked how she would do it.
b) Yes/ no questions: The connective words to join the indirect questions to the main
clause are: “if” or “whether”. There is not much difference in meaning between whether
and if . Usage generally favours if. Whether usually expresses a
doubt and an alternative possibility or choice between two alternatives, and so
is often followed by the correlative “or”
e.g. He said, “Did she go yesterday?”
He asked if she
had gone the day before.
C. COMMANDS.
When a direct command is turned into
an indirect one, the following changes will be noticed:
1. The introductory verb,
“say” is changed to a verb of command or request,
such as
“tell, order, command, ask, request…”
2. Commands could be:
a) Affirmative:
introductory verb + person addressed + to + infinitive.
E.g. He said
“Open the door, Mary”
He told Mary
to open the door.
b) Negative: introductory
verb + person addressed + not + to + infinitive.
E.g. He said
“Don’t go away, Mary”
He told Mary not to go away.
3. Finally, pronouns and
possessive adjectives, and adverbs of place and time
change as in
statements and questions.
D. OTHER STRUCTURES.
Suggest. We can reprt suggestions or recommendations
in three different ways:
a) subject + suggest +
(not) + verb + -ing.
E.g. “Let’s
go to the cinema”
She suggested going to the cinema.
b) subject + suggest +
that + subject + should + infinitive without to.
E.g. “Why don’t you read this book?”
She suggested that I should read that
book.
c) Subject + suggest +
subjunctive.
E.g. “How
about reusing this plastic bag?”
She suggested that I reuse that plastic
bag.
E. REPORTING VERBS.
When we report the speaker’s exact
words, we don’t just apply the rules mechanically, we interpret what we hear or
read, so we use different reporting verbs followed by the following structures:
1. Subject + reporting
verb + (not) + to + infinitive.
Verbs like:
agree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten, demand etc…
E.g. “I won’t
go with you!”
She refused to go with me.
2. Subject + reporting verb + object + (not) + to +
infinitive.
Verbs like:
advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, recommend, remind, tell, warn
etc…
E.g. “You
should go to the doctor”
She advised me to go to the doctor.
3. Subject + reporting
verb + (not) + verb –ing.
Verbs like:
apologize for, accuse sb of, complain to, deny, recommend, suggest, insist on,
boast about …
E.g. “I didn’t steal your purse”
He
denied stealing /having stolen my purse.
4. Subject + reporting
verb + (that) + subject + verb.
Verbs like:
add, admit, agree, announce, claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, insist,
mention, predict, promise, reply, reveal, say, state, suggest…
E.g. “You are always talking”.
She complained that we
were always talking.
5. subject + reporting
verb + object + (that) + subject + verb.
Verbs like:
persuade, remind, tell, warn.
E.g. “I’m going out tonight”
She reminded me that she
was going out that night.
6. subject + reporting
verb + if/ whether/wh-word +
subject + verb.
Verbs like:
ask, enquire, question, wonder, want to know…
E.g. She asked herself, “Will I win
a prize tonight?”
She wondered whether she
would win a prize that night.
©Mercedes Sánchez 2012
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)